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The equilibrium constant for the reaction of bromine with chlorine to form bromine monochloride is 58.0 at a certain temperature. Br2(g) + Cl2(g) The equilibrium constant for the reaction of bromine with chlorine to form bromine monochloride is 58.0 at a certain temperature. Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)    2BrCl(g)  What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? BrCl(g)    ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  + ½Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  2.97 × 10<sup>-4</sup> B)  1.72 × 10<sup>-2</sup> C)  3.45 × 10<sup>-2</sup> D)  1.31 × 10<sup>-1</sup> E)  > 1.00 2BrCl(g) What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? BrCl(g) The equilibrium constant for the reaction of bromine with chlorine to form bromine monochloride is 58.0 at a certain temperature. Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)    2BrCl(g)  What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction? BrCl(g)    ½Br<sub>2</sub>(g)  + ½Cl<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  2.97 × 10<sup>-4</sup> B)  1.72 × 10<sup>-2</sup> C)  3.45 × 10<sup>-2</sup> D)  1.31 × 10<sup>-1</sup> E)  > 1.00 ½Br2(g) + ½Cl2(g)


A) 2.97 × 10-4
B) 1.72 × 10-2
C) 3.45 × 10-2
D) 1.31 × 10-1
E) > 1.00

F) D) and E)
G) All of the above

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H2SO3(aq) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    HSO<sub>3</sub>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>-2</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 9.1 × 10<sup>-10</sup> Given the above equilibrium constant data at 25°C, what is the value of K<sub>c</sub> at this temperature for the reaction HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ? A)  6.5 ×10<sup>-8</sup> B)  1.3 × 10<sup>-11</sup> C)  7.8 × 10<sup>10</sup> D)  1.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> E)  None of these choices are correct. HSO3(aq) + H+(aq) Kc = 1.4 × 10-2 H2SO3(aq) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    HSO<sub>3</sub>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>-2</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 9.1 × 10<sup>-10</sup> Given the above equilibrium constant data at 25°C, what is the value of K<sub>c</sub> at this temperature for the reaction HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ? A)  6.5 ×10<sup>-8</sup> B)  1.3 × 10<sup>-11</sup> C)  7.8 × 10<sup>10</sup> D)  1.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> E)  None of these choices are correct. SO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Kc = 9.1 × 10-10 Given the above equilibrium constant data at 25°C, what is the value of Kc at this temperature for the reaction HSO3-(aq) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    HSO<sub>3</sub>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 1.4 × 10<sup>-2</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq)  K<sub>c</sub> = 9.1 × 10<sup>-10</sup> Given the above equilibrium constant data at 25°C, what is the value of K<sub>c</sub> at this temperature for the reaction HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>(aq)    SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>(aq)  + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ? A)  6.5 ×10<sup>-8</sup> B)  1.3 × 10<sup>-11</sup> C)  7.8 × 10<sup>10</sup> D)  1.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> E)  None of these choices are correct. SO32-(aq) + H+(aq) ?


A) 6.5 ×10-8
B) 1.3 × 10-11
C) 7.8 × 1010
D) 1.5 × 107
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) C) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes above 110°C to form sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. 2NaHCO3(s) Sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes above 110°C to form sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. 2NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(s)    Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(s)  + H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  One thousand grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate are added to a reaction vessel, the temperature is increased to 200°C, and the system comes to equilibrium. What happens in this system if another 50 g of sodium carbonate are now added? A)  The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will increase. B)  The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will decrease. C)  The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be unchanged. D)  The amounts of all products will be greater when equilibrium is reestablished. E)  None of these choices are correct. Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) One thousand grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate are added to a reaction vessel, the temperature is increased to 200°C, and the system comes to equilibrium. What happens in this system if another 50 g of sodium carbonate are now added?


A) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will increase.
B) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will decrease.
C) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be unchanged.
D) The amounts of all products will be greater when equilibrium is reestablished.
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following has an effect on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant?


A) removing products as they are formed
B) adding more of a reactant
C) adding a catalyst
D) increasing the pressure, in a gas-phase reaction
E) change in temperature

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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Consider the following two equilibria and their respective equilibrium constants: (1) NO(g) + ½O2(g) Consider the following two equilibria and their respective equilibrium constants: (1)  NO(g)  + ½O2(g)    NO2(g)  (2)  2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NO(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)  Which one of the following is the correct relationship between the equilibrium constants K<sub>1</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>? A)  K<sub>2</sub> = 2/K<sub>1</sub> B)  K<sub>2</sub> = (1/K<sub>1</sub>) <sup>2</sup> C)  K<sub>2</sub> = -K<sub>1</sub>/2 D)  K<sub>2</sub> = 1/(2K<sub>1</sub>)  E)  K<sub>2</sub> = 1/(2K<sub>1</sub>) <sup>2</sup> NO2(g) (2) 2NO2(g) Consider the following two equilibria and their respective equilibrium constants: (1)  NO(g)  + ½O2(g)    NO2(g)  (2)  2NO<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NO(g)  + O<sub>2</sub>(g)  Which one of the following is the correct relationship between the equilibrium constants K<sub>1</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>? A)  K<sub>2</sub> = 2/K<sub>1</sub> B)  K<sub>2</sub> = (1/K<sub>1</sub>) <sup>2</sup> C)  K<sub>2</sub> = -K<sub>1</sub>/2 D)  K<sub>2</sub> = 1/(2K<sub>1</sub>)  E)  K<sub>2</sub> = 1/(2K<sub>1</sub>) <sup>2</sup> 2NO(g) + O2(g) Which one of the following is the correct relationship between the equilibrium constants K1 and K2?


A) K2 = 2/K1
B) K2 = (1/K1) 2
C) K2 = -K1/2
D) K2 = 1/(2K1)
E) K2 = 1/(2K1) 2

F) B) and C)
G) None of the above

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What is the mass-action expression, What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct. c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct. Cu(NH3) 42+(aq)


A) What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct.
B) What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct.
C) What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct.
D) What is the mass-action expression,   c, for the following chemical reaction? Cu<sub>2+</sub>(aq)  + 4NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)    Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>) <sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)  None of these choices are correct.
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) A) and C)
G) None of the above

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10.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L-1 solution of a metal ion M2+ is mixed with 10.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L-1 solution of a substance L. The following equilibrium is established: M2+(aq) + 2L(aq) 10.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L<sup>-1</sup> solution of a metal ion M<sup>2+</sup> is mixed with 10.0 mL of a 0.100 mol L<sup>-1</sup> solution of a substance L. The following equilibrium is established: M<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2L(aq)    ML<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq)  At equilibrium the concentration of L is found to be 0.0100 mol L<sup>-1</sup>. What is the equilibrium concentration of ML<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>, in mol L<sup>-1</sup>? A)  0.100 mol L<sup>-1</sup> B)  0.050 mol L<sup>-1</sup> C)  0.025 mol L<sup>-1</sup> D)  0.0200 mol L<sup>-1</sup> E)  0.0100 mol L<sup>-1</sup> ML22+(aq) At equilibrium the concentration of L is found to be 0.0100 mol L-1. What is the equilibrium concentration of ML22+, in mol L-1?


A) 0.100 mol L-1
B) 0.050 mol L-1
C) 0.025 mol L-1
D) 0.0200 mol L-1
E) 0.0100 mol L-1

F) D) and E)
G) B) and C)

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A chemical reaction has an equilibrium constant of 2 × 106. If this reaction is at equilibrium, select the one correct conclusion that can be made about the reaction.


A) The forward and back reactions have stopped.
B) The limiting reactant has been used up.
C) The forward and reverse rate constants are equal.
D) The forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Increasing the initial amount of the limiting reactant in a reaction will increase the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc.

A) True
B) False

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In a chemical reaction, if the starting concentrations of reactants are increased, then the equilibrium constant Kc will also increase.

A) True
B) False

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Nitric oxide and bromine were allowed to react in a sealed container. When equilibrium was reached PNO = 0.526 atm, Nitric oxide and bromine were allowed to react in a sealed container. When equilibrium was reached P<sub>NO</sub> = 0.526 atm,   = 1.59 atm, and P<sub>NOBr</sub> = 7.68 atm. Calculate K<sub>p</sub> for the reaction. 2NO(g)  + Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NOBr(g)  A)  7.45 × 10<sup>-3</sup> B)  0.109 C)  9.18 D)  91.8 E)  134 = 1.59 atm, and PNOBr = 7.68 atm. Calculate Kp for the reaction. 2NO(g) + Br2(g) Nitric oxide and bromine were allowed to react in a sealed container. When equilibrium was reached P<sub>NO</sub> = 0.526 atm,   = 1.59 atm, and P<sub>NOBr</sub> = 7.68 atm. Calculate K<sub>p</sub> for the reaction. 2NO(g)  + Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    2NOBr(g)  A)  7.45 × 10<sup>-3</sup> B)  0.109 C)  9.18 D)  91.8 E)  134 2NOBr(g)


A) 7.45 × 10-3
B) 0.109
C) 9.18
D) 91.8
E) 134

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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The equilibrium constant for reaction (1) below is 276. Under the same conditions, what is the equilibrium constant of reaction (2) ? (1) ½X2(g) + ½Y2(g) The equilibrium constant for reaction (1)  below is 276. Under the same conditions, what is the equilibrium constant of reaction (2) ? (1)  ½X<sub>2</sub>(g)  + ½Y<sub>2</sub>(g)    XY(g)  (2)  2XY(g)    X<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Y<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  6.02 × 10<sup>-2</sup> B)  7.25 × 10<sup>-3</sup> C)  3.62 × 10<sup>-3</sup> D)  1.31 × 10<sup>-5</sup> E)  None of these choices are correct. XY(g) (2) 2XY(g) The equilibrium constant for reaction (1)  below is 276. Under the same conditions, what is the equilibrium constant of reaction (2) ? (1)  ½X<sub>2</sub>(g)  + ½Y<sub>2</sub>(g)    XY(g)  (2)  2XY(g)    X<sub>2</sub>(g)  + Y<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  6.02 × 10<sup>-2</sup> B)  7.25 × 10<sup>-3</sup> C)  3.62 × 10<sup>-3</sup> D)  1.31 × 10<sup>-5</sup> E)  None of these choices are correct. X2(g) + Y2(g)


A) 6.02 × 10-2
B) 7.25 × 10-3
C) 3.62 × 10-3
D) 1.31 × 10-5
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

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If all of the coefficients in the balanced equation for an equilibrium reaction are doubled, then the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, will also be doubled.

A) True
B) False

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Magnesium hydroxide is used in several antacid formulations. When it is added to water it dissociates into magnesium and hydroxide ions. Mg(OH) 2(s) Magnesium hydroxide is used in several antacid formulations. When it is added to water it dissociates into magnesium and hydroxide ions. Mg(OH) <sub>2</sub>(s)    Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq)  + 2OH<sup>-</sup>(aq)  The equilibrium constant at 25°C is 8.9 × 10<sup>-12</sup>. One hundred grams of magnesium hydroxide is added to 1.00 L of water and equilibrium is established. What happens to the solution if another 10 grams of Mg(OH) <sub>2</sub> are now added to the mixture? A)  The hydroxide ion concentration will decrease. B)  The hydroxide ion concentration will increase. C)  The hydroxide ion concentration will be unchanged. D)  The solution will become supersaturated. E)  None of these choices are correct. Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) The equilibrium constant at 25°C is 8.9 × 10-12. One hundred grams of magnesium hydroxide is added to 1.00 L of water and equilibrium is established. What happens to the solution if another 10 grams of Mg(OH) 2 are now added to the mixture?


A) The hydroxide ion concentration will decrease.
B) The hydroxide ion concentration will increase.
C) The hydroxide ion concentration will be unchanged.
D) The solution will become supersaturated.
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen. CO(g) + 2H2(g) Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen. CO(g)  + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)    CH<sub>3</sub>OH(g)  A reaction vessel contains the three gases at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.00 atm. What will happen to the partial pressure of hydrogen if enough argon is added to raise the total pressure to 1.4 atm? A)  The partial pressure of hydrogen will decrease. B)  The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase. C)  The partial pressure of hydrogen will be unchanged. D)  K<sub>p</sub> needs to be known before a prediction can be made. E)  Both K<sub>p</sub> and the temperature need to be known before a prediction can be made. CH3OH(g) A reaction vessel contains the three gases at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.00 atm. What will happen to the partial pressure of hydrogen if enough argon is added to raise the total pressure to 1.4 atm?


A) The partial pressure of hydrogen will decrease.
B) The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase.
C) The partial pressure of hydrogen will be unchanged.
D) Kp needs to be known before a prediction can be made.
E) Both Kp and the temperature need to be known before a prediction can be made.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Chemical reactions generally reach equilibrium because one of the reactants is used up.

A) True
B) False

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The following reaction is at equilibrium in a closed container. CuSO4.5H2O(s) The following reaction is at equilibrium in a closed container. CuSO<sub>4</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O(s)    CuSO<sub>4</sub>(s)  + 5H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  Which, if any, of the following actions will lead to an increase in the pressure of H<sub>2</sub>O present at equilibrium? A)  increasing the volume of the container B)  decreasing the volume of the container C)  adding a catalyst D)  removing some solid CuSO<sub>4</sub> E)  None of these choices are correct. CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g) Which, if any, of the following actions will lead to an increase in the pressure of H2O present at equilibrium?


A) increasing the volume of the container
B) decreasing the volume of the container
C) adding a catalyst
D) removing some solid CuSO4
E) None of these choices are correct.

F) B) and D)
G) B) and C)

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A mixture of 0.500 mole of carbon monoxide and 0.400 mole of bromine was placed into a rigid 1.00-L container and the system was allowed to come to equilibrium. The equilibrium Concentration of COBr2 was 0.233 M. What is the value of Kc for this reaction? CO(g) + Br2(g) A mixture of 0.500 mole of carbon monoxide and 0.400 mole of bromine was placed into a rigid 1.00-L container and the system was allowed to come to equilibrium. The equilibrium Concentration of COBr<sub>2</sub> was 0.233 M. What is the value of Kc for this reaction? CO(g)  + Br<sub>2</sub>(g)    COBr<sub>2</sub>(g)  A)  5.23 B)  1.22 C)  1.165 D)  0.858 E)  0.191 COBr2(g)


A) 5.23
B) 1.22
C) 1.165
D) 0.858
E) 0.191

F) A) and C)
G) C) and D)

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Ammonium iodide dissociates reversibly to ammonia and hydrogen iodide. NH4I(s) Ammonium iodide dissociates reversibly to ammonia and hydrogen iodide. NH<sub>4</sub>I(s)    NH<sub>3</sub>(g)  + HI(g)  At 400°C, K<sub>p</sub> = 0.215. Calculate the partial pressure of ammonia at equilibrium when a sufficient quantity of ammonium iodide is heated to 400°C. A)  0.103 atm B)  0.215 atm C)  0.232 atm D)  0.464 atm E)  2.00 atm NH3(g) + HI(g) At 400°C, Kp = 0.215. Calculate the partial pressure of ammonia at equilibrium when a sufficient quantity of ammonium iodide is heated to 400°C.


A) 0.103 atm
B) 0.215 atm
C) 0.232 atm
D) 0.464 atm
E) 2.00 atm

F) All of the above
G) A) and B)

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Write the mass-action expression, Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   c, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C6H6(g) + 15O2(g) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   12CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)


A) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Write the mass-action expression,<sub> </sub>   <sub> </sub> <sub> </sub> <sub>c</sub>, for the following chemical reaction equation. 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(g)  + 15O<sub>2</sub>(g)    12CO<sub>2</sub>(g)  + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(g)  A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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