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Exam 51: The Immune System

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Question 1

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If Peter is allergic to peanuts and Paul is not, what is the precise molecular difference in Peter's bloodstream responsible for this?

A) Peter's blood has mast cells and basophils carrying IgEs that match an antigen on peanuts.
B) Peter's blood has a continually excessive level of histamines and prostaglandins.
C) Paul's blood has mast cells and basophils with IgEs that confer immunotolerance to peanuts, but Peter's does not.
D) Peter inherited a peanut-specific IgG gene from his mother or father, while Paul did not.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Question 2

Multiple Choice

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You are studying a trafficking protein important for secretion in helper T cells.What is the likely outcome of a defect in this protein?

A) impaired secretion of immunoglobulins
B) impaired secretion of degraded antigens
C) impaired secretion of membrane attack complex
D) impaired secretion of cytokines

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 3

Multiple Choice

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A pathogenic virus has a new mutation in one of the coat proteins, that just happens to resemble the structure of a normal human protein present in glial cells of the CNS.What do you predict may be an outcome of infection by this virus?

What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to T_H cells?

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene has duplicated and mutated, creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery, radiation, and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

Every year a new version of the flu vaccine is made using a mixture of strains.The strains are chosen based on surveillance and analysis by experts from the FDA, WHO, and CDC.For other diseases however, such as varicella (chickenpox) , the same vaccine is used continually and repeated vaccinations are not necessary.What do you conclude is the important difference between the influenza virus and the varicella zoster virus with regards to vaccinations?

Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function?

When a person is tested for HIV, the test is considered positive if _______ to the HIV are present.

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by rearrangement and mutation of what molecules?

During a blood transfusion, what can occur when the antigens on the blood cells of a blood donor interact with the antibodies that are present in the plasma of a recipient that has a different blood type?

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

Until renamed by Paul Ehrlich in the 1890s, the heat-labile, nonspecific part of the immune system that enhances inflammation was known as "alexin".We now know that various proteins of this system attract neutrophils to tissues, direct phagocytosis of targets by neutrophils and macrophages, burst pathogens by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC) , stimulate histamine release, and increase capillary permeability.What did Ehrlich rename this part of the immune system?

What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system?

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

What is the term for immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier?

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?