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Exam 12: Experimental Research: Designs, Part 1

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Question 21

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Match each the situation that illustrates it with type of extraneous variable that threatens the internal validity of an experiment. -Students below the 15th percentile in reading achievement who volunteer are placed in the experimental group, and nonvolunteers at the same reading level are placed in the control group.

A) History
B) Maturation
C) Testing
D) Experimental treatment diffusion
E) Statistical regression
F) Differential selection
G) Experimental mortality

H) All of the above
I) A) and B)

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Question 22

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The equivalence of the experimental and control groups in an experiment

A) is not guaranteed by the use of random assignment procedures.
B) is guaranteed by the use of random assignment procedures.
C) is not affected by the size of the total sample from which experimental and control groups will be formed.
D) does not affect the internal validity of an experiment.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Question 23

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The one-group pretest-posttest design is best used when

A team of researchers want to test the effectiveness of providing high school students with a note-taking outline of each chapter that they are assigned to read in a history class. They have permission to conduct the experiment with two history classes, each containing 30 students. They randomly form two groups within each class: The experimental group receives a note-taking outline each time it is assigned a chapter, whereas the control group receives the same assignment but not a note-taking outline. On the basis of this information, what flaw have the researchers introduced into the experimental design?

Match each the situation that illustrates it with type of extraneous variable that threatens the internal validity of an experiment. -A pretest similar to the posttest is administered before the experimental treatment.

Treatment fidelity refers to the extent to which

Multiple-treatment interference refers to the situation in which

What does it mean to say that an experiment has good internal validity?

Study the following research plan and identify any variables and/or conditions that may pose a threat to the internal validity of the experiment. Name the most likely threats to internal validity, and explain each briefly in terms of the research plan.Research plan: The researcher wants to determine the effect of a special reading program on the reading achievement of inner-city children. The study will be longitudinal, extending from the beginning of grade 2 to the end of grade 3. He identifies 50 children who are nonreaders at the end of grade 1; these children will receive the special program. He randomly selects 50 other children in the same school and grade level to serve as a control group. The researcher administers the same reading test to both groups at the start of grade 2 and at the end of grade 3. By the end of grade 3, there are 27 children who have remained in the special program and 36 children in the control group. The researcher compares the reading gains of the two groups and finds that each group has gained an average of 1.6 years in reading grade placement.

Match each the situation that illustrates it with type of extraneous variable that threatens the internal validity of an experiment. -During the experiment students are exposed to special instructional experiences that are not part of the experimental treatment.

a. Describe pretest sensitization. b. Is it a threat to the internal or external validity of an experiment?

A useful technique to minimize the effect of experimenter bias on the outcomes of an experiment is for the researcher to

Match each the situation that illustrates it with type of extraneous variable that threatens the internal validity of an experiment. -A group of students who fall below the 15th percentile on a reading achievement test earns higher scores on the posttest following an experimental treatment, whereas a group of students who fall above the 85th percentile earns lower scores on the same posttest following the same experimental treatment.

What is the preferred statistical technique for analyzing the data from an experiment that employs a posttest-only control-group design?

Of the following experimental designs, the strongest in external validity is the

A researcher wants to determine whether students learn more when they take unannounced pop quizzes or regularly scheduled, announced quizzes. The measure of learning will be a 50-item achievement test on the content covered in a semester-long course. Describe the steps involved in designing and conducting an experiment based on this information.

An experiment is internally valid to the extent to which it

Students' racial attitudes are measured by a paper-and-pencil test immediately before and after viewing a film denouncing racial prejudice. What threat to the external validity of the experiment does this procedure raise?

(ob. 6) The posttest-only control-group design has an advantage over the pretest-posttest control-group design when

A group of teachers receives access to the Internet as part of their participation in an experiment. The school district's administrators decide that this is a good idea, and provide Internet access for all teachers in the district, including control group teachers. The administrators' action weakens internal validity through